As a result, human–AI friendship might not be mutual or reciprocal in the same sense as human–human friendship ( Tur‐Kaspa et al., 1999), because the AI mimics friendly behavior rather than basing this mutual pleasure or admiration ( Fröding & Peterson, 2021).Ĭroes and Antheunis (2021) and Skjuve et al. Always on your side” 1 and thus appear to build social relationships around the user’s interests ( Skjuve et al., 2021). For example, the social chatbot Replika is presented as an AI companion that is “always here to listen and talk. Byron’s (2020) suggestion that a digital environment allows friendship to be understood in various ways, depending on the platforms that enable it, is arguably the case with human–AI friendship. ( VandenBos, 2007)įriendship made possible through software may be constrained and directed by software design and implementation ( Bucher, 2013). Friendships frequently develop through shared experiences in which the people involved learn that their association with one another is mutually gratifying. Voluntary relationship between two or more people that is relatively long-lasting and in which those involved tend to be concerned with meeting the others’ needs and interests and satisfying their own desires. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines friendship between humans as a However, there is insufficient knowledge of how to understand and define key aspects of human–AI friendship, specifically in comparison to human-to-human friendship. While some research has argued that any friendship provided by robots will be illusory (see for example, Turkle, 2011), the notion of developing a friendship with chatbots ( Skjuve et al., 2021 Ta et al., 2020 Youn & Jin, 2021) is acknowledged in more recent research. As such, human–AI friendship involves a new intimate connection with technology that may alter the meanings and roles previously associated with relationships between humans ( Licklider, 1960). This humanlike behavior makes them suitable as conversational partners, friends, or even romantic partners ( Skjuve et al., 2021 Ta et al., 2020 Youn & Jin, 2021). Social chatbots are artificial intelligence (AI) dialogue systems capable of having social and empathetic conversations with users ( Ho et al., 2018 Zhou et al., 2020). While the internet has long been a means for humans to meet and make friends ( Brandtzaeg, 2012 Parks & Floyd, 1996a Wellman, 2001), we are currently seeing increasing socialization and friendship formation with social chatbots such as Replika ( Skjuve et al., 2021 Ta et al., 2020), Kuki, formerly known as Mitsuku ( Croes & Antheunis, 2021), and Xiaoice ( Zhou et al., 2020). Friendships are among the most important connections individuals make in life and a critical component of psychological health and wellbeing in lifespan development ( Erikson, 1968).
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